Vertical spring-mass system

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1. Interpret load–extension graphs for an elastic solid and describe the associated experimental procedures.
2. Know that forces may produce changes in the size and shape of an object
3. Define the spring constant as force per unit extension
4. Spring Constant

$$ k=F/x $$

1. Understanding Simple Harmonic Motion in a Spring </aside>

https://effectuall.github.io/Simulations/Mechanics_Spring_Force

Reflection of light

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Core

• Define and use the terms
• State the meaning of critical angle
• Describe internal reflection and total internal reflection using both experimental and everyday examples </aside>

https://effectuall.github.io/Simulations/Optics_Refraction_of_Light

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QR code for the experiments

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Refraction of Light

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Spring-Mass System

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Circular Motion Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the direction of centripetal force in circular motion?

   1. a) Outward from the center
   2. b) Tangent to the circle
   3. c) Toward the center of the circle ✓
   4. d) Opposite to the direction of motion

   Explanation: Centripetal force always acts toward the center of the circle, keeping the object in circular motion.

2. In uniform circular motion, which quantity remains constant?

   1. a) Linear velocity
   2. b) Speed ✓
   3. c) Acceleration
   4. d) Position

   Explanation: In uniform circular motion, the speed remains constant while direction (and thus velocity) changes continuously.

3. The centripetal acceleration of an object in circular motion is given by:

   1. a) a = v²/r ✓
   2. b) a = v/r
   3. c) a = r/v²
   4. d) a = rv²

   Explanation: The formula for centripetal acceleration is a = v²/r, where v is velocity and r is radius.

4. When the radius of circular motion doubles, the centripetal force:

   1. a) Doubles
   2. b) Halves ✓
   3. c) Remains the same
   4. d) Quadruples

   Explanation: Centripetal force is inversely proportional to radius (F = mv²/r), so doubling radius halves the force.

5. An object moving in a vertical circle at its highest point experiences:

   1. a) Zero gravity
   2. b) Maximum tension
   3. c) Minimum tension ✓
   4. d) Maximum velocity

   Explanation: At the highest point, gravity opposes the tension, resulting in minimum tension in the string/rope.

Self-Assessment Questions

1. What is the primary function of a spring constant (k)?

   1. a) To measure the mass of an object
   2. b) To determine the force per unit extension ✓
   3. c) To calculate time period
   4. d) To measure amplitude

   Explanation: The spring constant (k) is defined as force per unit extension, showing how stiff or flexible a spring is.

2. In the reflection of light, what is the relationship between the angle of incidence and angle of reflection?

   1. a) They are different angles
   2. b) They are equal ✓
   3. c) Angle of reflection is twice the angle of incidence
   4. d) They are perpendicular to each other

   Explanation: According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

3. What happens when light travels from a denser to a less dense medium?

4. What condition is necessary for total internal reflection to occur?

5. In a spring-mass system, what happens to the spring constant when the spring is cut in half?

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